工業創新

純氧燃料燃燒是處理發電廠因燃燒化石燃料產生的排放物的一種新穎方法。

傳統的發電廠排放燃料氣體（從煙囪裡排出的煙氣）直接排放到大氣中<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500089' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。煙裡含有的所有污染物，比如二氧化碳和氮氧化物 隨煙一併排放<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500089' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。另一方面，氧氣燃料廠捕捉到燃料氣體（二氧化碳含量較高），將其壓縮然後儲存<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500089' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

氧氣燃料有二氧化碳讓燃料氣體更豐富

純氧燃料設備裡的燃料氣體有相對傳統發電廠來說非常高濃度的二氧化碳<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222201412_Factors_influencing_the_ignition_of_flames_from_air-fired_swirl_pf_burners_retrofitted_to_oxy-fuel' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a> 。為什麼這是件好事？讓我們先學習一下氧氣燃燒到底是什麼。

在純氧燃料燃燒方法中，化石燃料在近乎純養而非常規空氣中燃燒<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336929933_A_Critical_Review_of_CO2_Capture_Technologies_and_Prospects_for_Clean_Power_Generation' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222201412_Factors_influencing_the_ignition_of_flames_from_air-fired_swirl_pf_burners_retrofitted_to_oxy-fuel' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

我們可以看到，氮氣構成了空氣的大部分<a href='https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。通過從燃燒化石燃料的空氣中去除氮，我們可以產生具有非常高濃度的二氧化碳和水氣的煙氣<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336929933_A_Critical_Review_of_CO2_Capture_Technologies_and_Prospects_for_Clean_Power_Generation' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_wholereport-1.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。缺少氮氣意味著這種濃縮的煙氣更容易壓縮和儲存<a href='https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_wholereport-1.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。下面你可以看到每種燃燒方法的化學方程式在其輸出（排放）方面有什麼不同。

圖標中顯示的富氧燃燒過程是一個非常簡化的模型。下面我們將更為詳細地介紹該過程：

首先，在空氣分離裝置中，通過低溫空氣分離（一種將空氣冷卻到各種氣體變成液體的分離方法）<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037838200100131X?casa_token=0U2ocPHLfNAAAAAA:nlQTekK7BRQvPok3c5OU_HJtGfdryL2v-6Q2n0o5mJywDhf9WkcGmyVYQJDyKLzwSiMU0F2p86w' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://web.archive.org/web/20130905232213/http://www.powerplantccs.com/ccs/cap/con/of/of.html' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>將氧氣與氮氣分離。由於液態氧的溫度是-183℃，而液態氮的溫度是-196℃，我們可以將氧氣轉化為液態，並將其與氮氣分離（類似於從酒精中蒸餾水！）<a href='https://ehs.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/safety_gram_6_OXYGEN.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/liquid-nitrogen' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037838200100131X?casa_token=0U2ocPHLfNAAAAAA:nlQTekK7BRQvPok3c5OU_HJtGfdryL2v-6Q2n0o5mJywDhf9WkcGmyVYQJDyKLzwSiMU0F2p86w' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

接下來，以近乎純氧在鍋爐裡燃燒燃料<a href='https://www.oresomeresources.com/resource/oxyfuel-combustion-fact-sheet/' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。這將產生電，以及包含二氧化碳、水和一些雜質的燃氣<a href='https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350403/1/__soton.ac.uk_ude_PersonalFiles_Users_asv1a09_mydocuments_FSI%2520Admin%2520Files_LRET%2520Collegium_LRET%25202011_LRET%2520Website_Books_Gr_B_Offshore_Thermal_Power_with_CCS.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

燃燒過程中缺乏氮氣，這使得全氧燃燒產生的煙氣中的二氧化碳濃度為80-98% <a href='https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350403/1/__soton.ac.uk_ude_PersonalFiles_Users_asv1a09_mydocuments_FSI%2520Admin%2520Files_LRET%2520Collegium_LRET%25202011_LRET%2520Website_Books_Gr_B_Offshore_Thermal_Power_with_CCS.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>！然後，煙氣中的水被冷卻成液體，導致混合氣體中的二氧化碳濃度更高<a href='https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350403/1/__soton.ac.uk_ude_PersonalFiles_Users_asv1a09_mydocuments_FSI%2520Admin%2520Files_LRET%2520Collegium_LRET%25202011_LRET%2520Website_Books_Gr_B_Offshore_Thermal_Power_with_CCS.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_wholereport-1.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

你看到圖中標著「可回收燃氣」的管道了嗎？ 這個管道將部分煙氣與鍋爐中的氧氣和燃料混合在一起<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336929933_A_Critical_Review_of_CO2_Capture_Technologies_and_Prospects_for_Clean_Power_Generation' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

因為二氧化碳過濾器不能足夠快去解決所有生產出來的燃料氣體

事實上，大約三分之二的燃料氣體再循環（回收）進了鍋爐，被用於控制鍋爐溫度<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360128505000225?casa_token=1oXEF0L2XFsAAAAA:cX34nS4cTcGa_jVqOoi8joBMzpPb94-DF3fkhQdH1eGdXDtpMPLq5d7lObK70YUelnJPVRfWtGo#bib9' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1540748906003865?casa_token=u-Dy7_IGkGEAAAAA:yCN4nDiTet5-bF2p9fbixtA0NuyfC8pROmNESENrs95wsxS9wXX4yF2IQqCpsazENR0DRIxLll8#fig3' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

當煤炭在純氧中燃燒時，相對於於在空氣中燃燒的1730℃，火焰溫度能達到2480℃<a href='https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1324&context=etd' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。現今沒有鍋爐和燃燒建築材料能夠耐受如此高溫<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://web.archive.org/web/20130905232213/http://www.powerplantccs.com/ccs/cap/con/of/of.html' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

所以，加一些富二氧化碳的燃料氣體有助於將降低溫度到類似傳統鼓風的發電廠的溫度<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://web.archive.org/web/20130905232213/http://www.powerplantccs.com/ccs/cap/con/of/of.html' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336929933_A_Critical_Review_of_CO2_Capture_Technologies_and_Prospects_for_Clean_Power_Generation' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

這也為燃料氣體流提供了大概65-90%的高濃度二氧化碳，相較於使用普通空氣的燃料氣體中12-16%的二氧化碳濃度<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336929933_A_Critical_Review_of_CO2_Capture_Technologies_and_Prospects_for_Clean_Power_Generation' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750583611000806?casa_token=0KiZ9LpB3c8AAAAA:KdVVN-wyb8WxYB06ccBwABVZxEgEwmFqbnfDUxZ4WfJaLn7v9rE0pqv8ZC6b1EsdoYFAExxZmho' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

它在發電廠旁邊一個小的區域離濃縮了釋放的二氧化碳

我們能更有效地把它從燃料氣體中移除

不需要化學溶劑去移除燃料氣體中的二氧化碳

無需物理溶劑去移除燃料氣體中的二氧化碳

高濃度的二氧化碳避免了前幾章我們看到的問題，即燃料氣體混合物中的氮氣讓二氧化碳更難分離<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47674941_The_Properties_and_Applications_of_Zeolites' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

它讓我們不用感到內疚地繼續燃燒化石燃料

它捕捉了產生的80-90%的二氧化碳

如果我們將這個過程與上一章學到的二氧化碳燃燒後捕獲相比，它將消耗更少能源，製造更少的溫室氣體<a href='https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/b3575ac2-ebfe-3ee2-a992-485f0bc42a87/' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

這個技術面臨的一些挑戰是什麼？

在工藝開始時的氧氣分離通常是通過低溫進行的（氣體變成液體）<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037838200100131X?casa_token=0U2ocPHLfNAAAAAA:nlQTekK7BRQvPok3c5OU_HJtGfdryL2v-6Q2n0o5mJywDhf9WkcGmyVYQJDyKLzwSiMU0F2p86w' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。為了達到如此低的溫度，這種方法每產生一噸氧氣需要大約220-245千瓦時的能量<a href='https://www.engr.uvic.ca/~struchtr/2010Energy_O2_membrane.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。對於一個典型的500兆瓦的燃煤發電廠來說，供應純氧需要其所有電力輸出的8-15%的<a href='https://web.archive.org/web/20130905232213/http://www.powerplantccs.com/ccs/cap/con/of/of.html' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261910004599?casa_token=0BK-842xonsAAAAA:7MEC08MPTe9aykd4uPRh3EztFm7F03u3Gjxa0F_ze_uD7hVmjDAI5gRWNbCZVljmennXc4xZRpk' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

由於純氧燃料過程很昂貴並且會消耗大量能量，一個傳統發電廠的純氧發電費用會從每兆瓦時66.8美金急遽增長到每兆瓦時123.7美金<a href='https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/277910/1-s2.0-S1876610211X00036/1-s2.0-S1876610211002645/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDgaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIAXJWudPu717Ztq7lP7j5fijNRuPcx%2FNvdWRkslqcPGuAiEA6qf5vDivt4Z8CxiIr0EXY04fATNp0As7%2BIGu8yxto%2FQqvQMIgf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARADGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDDqWOK%2BoNeOGD1lOsSqRA%2Bjb1RZHY%2FGihGv0GTeDyUxJ1wyKz%2FYIv2wtv%2B5R8A%2F6QaLGyhE4Cx97IUfwh7Gm6w94xYS2lMtucFrkUQqL9yUnp1ha77aimyb4fHR2r4dhVmP2MBkIy8gJ7O12tZ6vpp8%2ByrD1c%2BINwFxWIn24wmGSKOqjm054378j8vwSRVkcJrSt8jOBvseyyldG8dxQhE2mlgFodBIXZChLy5RmYEPI0DLzSrkUhLvAGQ0n3ROkvPWD%2F4KIdK5exM%2BXAduMMxTm%2FxXS%2BIdTnCcWA0sCxTGHwXpfe544PyZQ1%2F2RcIfa0qJSRFU0hC99iHFOpbKUjiGj9GQnIDPStuyo2ngARDqfs9KvM7nVvT7Uxb9lDIKWK0FUvqBDp2oE3GLP5XpoCwtdigp2PsAg9SYZTnSglYE%2F0f7DVgj%2FHYga1r%2BIPgb%2Fmo2SA9sBpOwpcrI14gMKXsGUntn1udyyez%2FfNBjjaYy7v4kvgv6AxfV4Ubo%2BelX0vdHsMHIVelKCKX5z8P%2B0ZFYh%2F77WRUZy6rZ%2BLL5UfgynMOOQw%2FwFOusBkidpvKIx6MFqKWAlKXZRqm6%2FDL%2F0%2Ftnz7M9fwIXm6kBkwQRHvR3m4VRCsqtoPbzWXsJ0LpqB8ZvMRqss53%2FrT0tkHTthhZjoUrkjGVUzm6H4u3BKjUWI1yrsz94nYCyvFBsMb7UHCoMqZTaa5JlyvzGVBBkwjGPMB%2B94g6t6gwJDrrtIhPdROHiDMg7onI7SRD30jHoW%2F4Fjqpbw8VevqVUvBu%2B5CezzD90PUjjZKNPKy4Cmmt%2BCR6OyuGH7a%2FB8cZ4VtsASKPetxfsL5CquRA9YYQQVO0UZqg0nVz2fWTYvMSjtyQ6wfa%2BKQQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20201022T002040Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYVT3K64HB%2F20201022%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=5df3d44b5e17bfc9df30eb6f4e9f98fde312ba3f6501e281590f540bfee0c0cc&hash=b09f38e42105a6d461ce0dab2cbd6c64e6b5254b38971b9854a1825928133686&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1876610211002645&tid=spdf-8b740b1d-ec23-4557-88a5-e13e8a2c3edb&sid=0b494e2a63a025492b68ac04972b946f9502gxrqa&type=client' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

僅僅一噸二氧化碳已十分昂貴！

煤廠最適合這項技術<a href='https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350403/1/__soton.ac.uk_ude_PersonalFiles_Users_asv1a09_mydocuments_FSI%2520Admin%2520Files_LRET%2520Collegium_LRET%25202011_LRET%2520Website_Books_Gr_B_Offshore_Thermal_Power_with_CCS.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。它已經在世界的幾個地方進行了嘗試：德國、西班牙和澳大利亞<a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxy-fuel_combustion_process#cite_note-ciuden-7' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

當前，整個純氧燃料燃燒過程僅在演示中，我們尚不清楚其是否在全球範圍有效<a href='https://ieaghg.org/docs/oxyfuel/OCC1/Session%203_B/IEA%20GHG%202009%20White%20Purification%20of%20oxyfuel-derived%20CO2%20v6.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_wholereport-1.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

最大的挑戰是獲取氧氣的費用，不過有些可能的解決方案。

一個選項被稱為氧化學循環燃燒<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/350403/1/__soton.ac.uk_ude_PersonalFiles_Users_asv1a09_mydocuments_FSI%2520Admin%2520Files_LRET%2520Collegium_LRET%25202011_LRET%2520Website_Books_Gr_B_Offshore_Thermal_Power_with_CCS.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。 這個方法涉及兩個反應堆，並且不需要空氣分離器<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>

在第一個反應堆，一個固體「載氧體」在空氣中被加熱，捕捉氧氣。因此，它變成了一個固體氧化物<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

這些載氧體往往為一組被稱為過渡金屬的特殊金屬：

在第二反應堆，煤被氣化來製造合成氣（記住：氣化技術是指當你將煤和氧氣反應，製造合成氣，即一種主要由一氧化碳和氫氣組成的混合物）<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。之後，載氧體被移到第二反應堆<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。當它們混合在一起時，載氧體中的氧氣和部分合成氣反應，從而產生電<a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845696719500016' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>！

最大的挑戰是找到好的載氧器，便宜、裝得下足夠氧氣，能重複使用多次<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47674941_The_Properties_and_Applications_of_Zeolites' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>

我們已經了解了很多不同的CCS技術，讓我們一起看一個比較了成本<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273192999_Performance_and_Costs_of_CO2_Capture_at_Gas_Fired_Power_Plants' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750583615001814' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es204514f' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/277910/1-s2.0-S1876610211X00036/1-s2.0-S1876610211002645/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDgaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIAXJWudPu717Ztq7lP7j5fijNRuPcx%2FNvdWRkslqcPGuAiEA6qf5vDivt4Z8CxiIr0EXY04fATNp0As7%2BIGu8yxto%2FQqvQMIgf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARADGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDDqWOK%2BoNeOGD1lOsSqRA%2Bjb1RZHY%2FGihGv0GTeDyUxJ1wyKz%2FYIv2wtv%2B5R8A%2F6QaLGyhE4Cx97IUfwh7Gm6w94xYS2lMtucFrkUQqL9yUnp1ha77aimyb4fHR2r4dhVmP2MBkIy8gJ7O12tZ6vpp8%2ByrD1c%2BINwFxWIn24wmGSKOqjm054378j8vwSRVkcJrSt8jOBvseyyldG8dxQhE2mlgFodBIXZChLy5RmYEPI0DLzSrkUhLvAGQ0n3ROkvPWD%2F4KIdK5exM%2BXAduMMxTm%2FxXS%2BIdTnCcWA0sCxTGHwXpfe544PyZQ1%2F2RcIfa0qJSRFU0hC99iHFOpbKUjiGj9GQnIDPStuyo2ngARDqfs9KvM7nVvT7Uxb9lDIKWK0FUvqBDp2oE3GLP5XpoCwtdigp2PsAg9SYZTnSglYE%2F0f7DVgj%2FHYga1r%2BIPgb%2Fmo2SA9sBpOwpcrI14gMKXsGUntn1udyyez%2FfNBjjaYy7v4kvgv6AxfV4Ubo%2BelX0vdHsMHIVelKCKX5z8P%2B0ZFYh%2F77WRUZy6rZ%2BLL5UfgynMOOQw%2FwFOusBkidpvKIx6MFqKWAlKXZRqm6%2FDL%2F0%2Ftnz7M9fwIXm6kBkwQRHvR3m4VRCsqtoPbzWXsJ0LpqB8ZvMRqss53%2FrT0tkHTthhZjoUrkjGVUzm6H4u3BKjUWI1yrsz94nYCyvFBsMb7UHCoMqZTaa5JlyvzGVBBkwjGPMB%2B94g6t6gwJDrrtIhPdROHiDMg7onI7SRD30jHoW%2F4Fjqpbw8VevqVUvBu%2B5CezzD90PUjjZKNPKy4Cmmt%2BCR6OyuGH7a%2FB8cZ4VtsASKPetxfsL5CquRA9YYQQVO0UZqg0nVz2fWTYvMSjtyQ6wfa%2BKQQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20201022T002040Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYVT3K64HB%2F20201022%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=5df3d44b5e17bfc9df30eb6f4e9f98fde312ba3f6501e281590f540bfee0c0cc&hash=b09f38e42105a6d461ce0dab2cbd6c64e6b5254b38971b9854a1825928133686&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1876610211002645&tid=spdf-8b740b1d-ec23-4557-88a5-e13e8a2c3edb&sid=0b494e2a63a025492b68ac04972b946f9502gxrqa&type=client' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>、發電效率<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336929933_A_Critical_Review_of_CO2_Capture_Technologies_and_Prospects_for_Clean_Power_Generation' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750583615001814' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273192999_Performance_and_Costs_of_CO2_Capture_at_Gas_Fired_Power_Plants' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>、每項技術的發展階段<a href='https://www.power-eng.com/2015/02/13/a-short-history-of-the-evolving-uses-of-natural-gas/#gref' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter2_Low_Res.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://ieaghg.org/docs/oxyfuel/OCC1/Session%203_B/IEA%20GHG%202009%20White%20Purification%20of%20oxyfuel-derived%20CO2%20v6.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a><a href='https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_wholereport-1.pdf' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a> 的表格

我們可以看到，傳統發電廠的每兆瓦時電力成本要比採用碳捕獲和儲存技術的電廠低很多。我們還注意到，碳捕獲和儲存技術的發電廠效率較低。希望隨著持續研究，它們的成本可以降低、效率可以提高，以減少未來的二氧化碳排放。

值得注意的是，這些技術並不是公司和政府認為他們不會釋放排放物而建造更多化石燃料發電廠的藉口。國際能源署已經說過，世界若要在2050年達到淨零排放的目標，必須沒有新的化石燃料投資<a href='https://www.iea.org/news/pathway-to-critical-and-formidable-goal-of-net-zero-emissions-by-2050-is-narrow-but-brings-huge-benefits' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a> 。

ClimateScience重點介紹了這些技術，因為在我們向可再生和可持續供電的社會過渡時，它們對減少現有化石燃料發電廠的排放至關重要<a href='https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222201412_Factors_influencing_the_ignition_of_flames_from_air-fired_swirl_pf_burners_retrofitted_to_oxy-fuel' target='_blank'><img src='/img/courses/ref.svg'/></a>。

前三章已闡述了我們如何補獲二氧化碳，以防止其進入大氣。一旦補獲了這些二氧化碳，我們能用它來做些什麼呢？請閱讀下一章了解詳情！